Videocracy A Double

Look Deeper into the Abyss – and Watch It Look into You Throughout the history of the world, there has always been the kind of power which could not be suppressed or overthrown. The people of the greatest influence, these beholders of the world’s power were merely the TV officials. Despite the fact that many people consider the TV as merely a means of entertainment, its role is of much more importance for the mankind. Seemingly only a means of entertainment, it shapes people’s ideas of the world and the politics even in a more impressive way tan any political campaign ever undertaken.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Videocracy: A Double-Sided Sword for the Fame-Hungry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Way the Movie Flows In accordance with its name, Videocracy is completely devoted to the role of the mass media in people’s lives. A snapshot of the life path of the great, the miserab le plebs and the cunning in-between specific social layer, journalists, the movie director has managed to show the amazing fusion of tragedy and mockery of the Italian TV. However, was it only the Italian television that the film director depicted? Applied to any other country, this situation would look quite the same. Disclosing the vices of the modern people, their striving not for prosperity, but for money overdose, Eric Gandini created an unforgettable masterpiece which mirrored the lowest of the low which is hidden within people’s souls. It was extremely wise of the film director to choose the shape of a documentary to create the vision of one’s life grasped in the camera focus. It is obvious that there was only one genre which could embrace all the issues which the topic of the movie touches upon. Episodes Merging into a Story In spite of the fact that in the end, shown as a premiere, the movie looks like a complete, whole piece which cannot be separated and take n apart, it must be kept in mind that at the moment of creation the film was a sequence of short scenes and breakdowns. Thus, the original course of the operator’s thoughts can be traced even as the movie is shown to the public, eventually trimmed and with all the unnecessary elements cut. Thus, following the stream of ideas which the movie director sends the audience through, it can be observed that Videocracy has much more than the twists of the plot to expose to the loyal audience. As W. W. Norton noticed, A storyboard is a shot-by-shot (sometimes scene-by-scene) breakdown that combines sketches or photographs of how each shot is to look with written descriptions of the other elements that are to accompany each shot, including dialogue, sound, and music. (Norton 116) Thus, it must be admitted that in Videocracy, the sequence of the breakdowns was linked into a fascinating cadence of the accidents and actions of the lead characters. Making a sequence of episodes, this chain of events was developed into an intrigue spinning around the issue which has always been and will always be on the agenda of the day – people’s concern for the life of celebrities.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A deep and insightful movie offers much more than merely entertainment. Taking a look at the way in which the pieces of the film have been organized, it becomes obvious that there is much more than meets the eye in the movie plot. Although the film cannot be considered what could be called a mocumentary, the author of the film approached the border between the tragic and the comic in Videocracy with help of the expressive and effective mise-en-scenes. Structuring the movie, Gandini enclosed the most significant scenes as the parts which must hook the audience’s attention and increase the excitement. As Norton explained, The visual elements of mise-e n-scene are all so crucial to shaping out sympathy for, and understanding of, the characters shaped by them. (156) It is peculiar that the scenes of the movie create a specific rhythm which is nard to conceive from the very beginning nut which one can feel as the film goes on. It can be traced that some of the scenes float into each other smoothly and softly like a river, yet some of them are roughly interrupted to show the unceasing motion of live going on both in the big world of the great celebrities and the feeble lives of those who follow the track of the celebrities’ lives. One of the most dramatic film episodes, the one in which the lead character watches the life of the celebrities on TV, is the key to the entire movie. It is quite peculiar that with a single scene the film director has managed to open the audience’s eyes on the idea of the movie and on what is concealed behind the film plot. Fixing the audience’s eyes on the ordinary people’s pas sion for the snatches of the celebrities’ lives, Gandini crates a perfect illusion of an ersatz life with all its sad consequences. Looking at a Different Angle The complicacy of movie-making presupposes that the shits should be arranged into a composition which could draw people’s attention to what is happening on the screen in a blink of an eye. Putting people and events in their places is truly a great gift which is rather hard to acquire and completely impossible to master. With his wisdom and the feeling for the film rhythm, the movie director arranged the pieces of the story in a unique, the one and only correct way which made people gasp in awe. As Kawin said, Film composition is dramatically affected by camera placement, not just in terms of camera-to-subject distance, but also in terms of angle. A horizontal line, seen from a certain angle, can become a diagonal or even a vertical. (171)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Videocracy: A Doub le-Sided Sword for the Fame-Hungry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, it is absolutely clear that with help of the camera placement the movie obtained the necessary depth and the specific accent on certain elements. Changing the angle of the camera shot, making the objects pop out into the focus of the camera, or, vice versa, hide in the dark of the perspective, the cameraman did an amazing job on the movie. A perfect example of the way the shift of the camera focus made the audience pay specific attention on certain details were the episodes with the lead character watching the celebrities. Exposed to the audience’s gazes, the face of the lead showed the whole palette of the fan’s emotions, while the celebrities in the rear created an impression of pathetic nothingness. Another piece to analyze is the sounding of the movie. Such is the nature of sound that it can either turn the movie into a complete masterpiece, or ruin it completely. In the case of Vidoecracy, the sounding was quite different from the ones in the range of other Italian movies. One of the typical sore spots of the Italian movies, the lack of sound effects, was turned in a movie peculiarity of Videocracy. As LoBrutto marked, â€Å"Italian movies are very sparse. They have dialogue, then music, and then very few sound effects.† (258) It is obvious that Videocracy is no exception; however, taking into consideration the specifics of the movie, one can understand that the abundance of sounds would have spoiled the film. For the movie to look like a snatch of the real life, the true vision of a fan’s existence, his/her thoughts and course of actions, it was absolutely necessary to employ the most precise system of sounding. What must be especially marked about the movie sound system is the background for the dialogues of the lead characters. Considered as the accidental noises, the creak of a door, the water rustlin g in the bathroom or the sound of someone’s breath was designed to emphasize the atmosphere of the movie, so tense and thought-provoking, making the audience think what is going to happen in the next couple of minutes. The Way People See It Although Videocracy was the only work of Eric Gandini which gained the worldwide recognition, the film director had a number of other works. However, taking a retrospective on Gandini’s works, it can be supposed that the previous films were the steps which slowly but surely led the film director to Videocracy. The peak of his creativity, Videocracy could be traced in every work of Gandini.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although none of the previous works of Gandini touches upon the issue of political life, there is certain breeze of rebellion in the other works of his. For instance, in Sacrfiicio: Who Betrayed Che Guevara Eric Gandini also considers the issue of fame and notoriety, emphasizing that there is actually very little difference between the two. Another Gandini’s work where the premises of Videocracy could be traced is Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers, is interconnected with Videocracy even more closely. Considering fanaticism and loyalty to certain famous personalities in Videocracy, Gandini actually develops the idea which he expressed in Surplus. Taking into consideration these movies, one must admit that the idea of Videocracy as the continuation of these topics and their further development into another set of ideas is quite plausible. In spite of the fact that the depth of the movie allows several interpretations, it seems that there is the one which fits the movie b est. Making people see the life of the famous personalities as it is, without the specks of glamour caught in the focus of the camera, Gandini makes it clear that the impact of the TV on people’s course of thoughts has become increasingly shocking and even frightening. Helping the audience understand the absurdity of believing in what is pouring out of the TV-set right into people’s minds, Gandini suggests a â€Å"pill† which will heal the TV-addicts from their weird mania. Conclusion With help of the specific means of sounding and arranging the scenes of the movie into a sequence which made a double sense and made the plot more complicated, Eric Gandini created a movie which explored the popular topic in an unorthodox method. Although the topic which Gandini chose as the key idea of his movie was rather beaten track for the modern cinema, the way in which he mirrored the life of celebrities’ and their fans was more than merely creating another vision of the popular problem – it was in fact the revelation for the audience. Employing special techniques of sounding system which added a specific air to the movie, Gandini made the movie stand out of the range of Italian movies. In spite of the fact that the means which the movie director used were rather conventional and time-tested, he broke a new ground in the movie-making with help of the original way in which he conveyed his ideas to the public. Considering the idea of TV-addiction and the plausibility of the information which TV suggests, Gandini raised quite a topical issue. Works Cited Barsam, Richard. Looking at the Movies. W. W. Norton EBook Reader. N.D. Kawin, Bruce F. How Movies Work. Thousand Oaks, CA: University of California Press, 1992. Print. LOBrutto, Vincent. Sound-on-Film: Interviews with Creators of Film Sound. Westport, CN: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. Print. This essay on Videocracy: A Double-Sided Sword for the Fame-Hungry was written and submitted by user Gisselle R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy Example

Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy Example Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy – Case Study Example Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy (LVMH) Case The key drivers of performance in luxury goods business include brand power and heritage. Furthermore, the intense competition generates remarkable strategies that sustain the business of luxury brands and encourage key players to participate in a more competitive manner. The success recipe in this industry looks like having the vital ability to hit the button and that is to target the segment for high net-worth individuals together with aggressive expansion to potential multiple regions by offering them diversified portfolio of luxury brands, which obviously are among of the excellent moves that LVMH performs. To nurture its leadership position, LVMH adheres to the value of excellence by employing talent, audacity and thoroughness as published in its annual report (Ramaswamy 6). In other words, it is not just only about providing competitive brands and successful retailing strategy, but employing the combined management of skills and resource s as the potential reasons why LVMH nurtures its leadership position. Creativity and innovation, and partnership and acquisition on the part of LVMH clearly resulted to employing more talented human resources, acquiring abundant resources and promoting successful quality distribution of actual product offerings, which lead further to the company’s competitive advantage in its industry. LVMH businesses include wines and spirits, fashion and leather goods, fragrances and cosmetics, watches and jewelry and selective retailing. The quality of this portfolio can be characterized under the level of successfully highlighting brand power and heritage, which is an action that also has become the potential source of synergy. LVMH is having an ambitious plan to double its sales and profits in the next five years. Concerning this, one important strategy is to first undergo a more thorough customer analysis that will lead to discovering potential market segments that remain unexplored a s of today. This will most probably lead to potential increase of LVMH’s market share in the long run.Work CitedRamaswamy, Kannan. â€Å"Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy: In Search of Synergies in the Global Luxury Industry.† Thunderbird: School of Global Management (2003): 1-15. Print.

What to Do the Week Before the SAT if You Havent Prepared At All

What to Do the Week Before the SAT if You Havent Prepared At All This is it. You have exactly one week before you head to the testing center and take the SAT. You have not prepared at all before now, and you only have one week - just seven short nights - before you take the test that can help or hurt your chances of getting into the college or university you are  dying  to get into. So, what do you do the week before the SAT that can make any sort of difference in your score? Cram like a maniac? Completely forget about looking at test prep material at all because, after all, what good would it do? Reschedule your SAT? Have a panicky meltdown in the cereal aisle of Target?   Before you get any crazy ideas, take a peek at the things you  should  be doing to get yourself ready this week so you have a shot at getting a good score on test day.   Go Immediately to a Bookstore and Buy an SAT Test Prep Book Go to the store and pick up a test prep book for the SAT. Choose one from either The Princeton Review, Kaplan Test Prep or The College Board. The Princeton Review is the most readable, so Id start there. Make sure the book you buy is for the Redesigned SAT, the test that took over for the old SAT in March of 2016. There will be nothing worse than prepping for a test that no longer exists.   Go To KhanAcademy.org  and Take an SAT Practice Test The Khan Academy has partnered with The College Board, the makers of the SAT test, to provide students with free SAT practice tests to help you get ready for the exam. Ideally, you should have been using this site for the last four weeks to really hone your skills. However, there are still some things you can do on the site to get you better prepared for the test on Saturday. Before we do them, we need to know the areas in which you need the most help. So first, take a full-length practice SAT test. You will need to sign up with your Facebook or email account.   Pinpoint Your Weaknesses At this point, you must focus on the areas of the test in which youre the least proficient. That means, after you take the practice test and the Khan Academy scores it for you, write down or print out the area scores that were the lowest. Was it Math? Great. Youll be zeroing in on that. Youll need to focus on your weaknesses- and exclusively on them- most of this week.   Strengthen Your Weaknesses Since youve narrowed down the areas of primary concern, you need to start pumping them up! Again, go to the Khan Academy website, and complete the practice problems for the areas that you were the weakest, Likewise, go to your test prep book and read through the sections and complete the practice problems in those weak areas. Youre going to spend 4-5 days working on these sections to really boost them up as much as possible. Check out your Strengths   After youve really nailed down your weakest section, spend one day learning about the sections of the test where you scored the highest. Was it  reading? Or writing? Read through the test directions, the content youll need to know, and complete as many practice questions as you possible can. Write a Practice Essay If you havent already, write a timed SAT essay using one of the prompts from the test prep book. Although the essay isnt figured into your overall score and is no longer a required feature of the SAT exam, many colleges and universities still require it and may use it to assess your overall readiness for the program in which youre interested. At the very least, youll get a refresher on writing an essay in a short amount of time.   Take One More Practice Test This time, try to simulate the test-taking experience as much as possible, and take the paper practice test in the back of the book. Sit at a desk in a quiet room. Set a time-limit just like youd have on test day, and work through the problems with efficient test-taking strategies. Dont you dare cheat by getting up in the middle of the test or guzzling a soda in the middle of it, either. Its good to practice disciplining yourself to sit and focus.   Get All Your Stuff Ready The Night Before There are several things you need to do the night before the SAT. First, be sure you have your admission ticket and photo ID ready to go. Then, check for test center closings and plan out your route to the testing center. Set your clock. Get your clothes ready so youre not scrambling in the morning. Want the complete list? See it here.   Relax the Night Before At this point, youve done everything you can do to get ready for the SAT in the limited time youve provided yourself. So...relax. Go out to dinner with your family. Watch an EARLY movie and hit the sack EARLY so you can be bright and refreshed for that early morning wake-up call. You can sabotage all of the hard work youve put in by doing something silly like going out or partying the night before the SAT.

The Gender War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Gender War - Essay Example This essay "The Gender War" outlines the battle of the sexes, feminist movement and why the gender war is wrong. Arguably, women have become aggressive and they have progressively taken the role of men in the society. However, as women attempt to rise in the society they have inevitably taken into the foray of men. This is because women think that being feminine is a sign of weakness. The assumption is that what men have rightfully belongs to women. Suffice to say, more and more women have become financially independent and they no longer have to depend on women for their upkeep. As women make foray into the domain of men, the effect is that men no longer have no-where to go. Men no longer have the desire to become self sufficient and possibly raise families in the future. This is due to the fact that women have become independent and they no longer think of men as the sole providers. Fundamentally, all genders are equal and thus there is no ground to discriminate people based on their gender. In most societies, traditional cultures form the basis of gender stereotyping. When children are born, they are raised in a manner that fits the prescribed gender roles. Some societies believe that the men are more important than women and this is reflected in the way that children are raised. Male children are encouraged to participate in masculine games and activities. On the other hand, the female children are taught to play submissive roles that border on motherhood and house- keeping duties. Thus, over time women have felt that men have been given undue advantage in life based on their gender. As the author of War on Me points out, women â€Å"women are angry†. Due to the anger, feminist movements have made it their business to tackle the perceived inequality by asserting their new found freedom in the society. Although it is evident that all genders are equal, it is necessary for the genders to celebrate the inherent differences that make life balanced. It is right for women to seek equal treatment in all respects but they should also appreciate their femininity. The dynamic relationship that portrays women as good and men as bad has created what can be termed as the battle of the sexes. On the receiving end of this battle are men who feel that they do not have

Entrepreneurial ventures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneurial ventures - Essay Example Business finance is a wide area and an exhaustive examination of each is not possible. However, the essay will bring out the disadvantages of each method of financing (Galloway 382). The bias may lie on the start-ups given that the initial stages of the business are the most difficult to finance since the risk is usually highest. There are two broad categories of business finance: debt financing and equity financing. These are ways of sourcing the capital that a business requires either to start operating, continue its day to day operation operating, or to attain a given strategic objective. Debt financing has the characteristic that the business or the entrepreneur has to repay with interest. The debt capital is a liability. Equity financing is the investment of the entrepreneur and other owners into the business (Krulikowski 245). This is risk capital. The distinction between debt and equity is that debt is a "loan" to the business while equity represents the extent to which one "owns" the venture. This leads to the issue of ownership and control of a business venture which complicates many startups. Debt financing maintains ownership while equity financing cedes some percentage ownership of the business venture. This is a significant consideration when choosing the type of financing for the business. There is no shortage of investors in the world, but there is a shortage of successful entrepreneurs. However, regardless of the source of financing, the entrepreneur must carefully evaluate the type of financing that the business requires (Krulikowski 267). This will depend on several factors. Firstly, there is a distinction on whether it is a startup or an established business. The size of operations will also determine the financing. The entrepreneur must have a business plan for the particular venture he or she plans to undertake. This means that

Nothing Gold Can Stay Essay Example for Free

Nothing Gold Can Stay Essay The poem â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay,† by Robert Frost, uses a abcb rhyme scheme to cleverly explain natures downfall, due to gold, in the world. The author begins by showing that nature’s true color is green, however, due to man’s greed they only see gold. Being that nature supplied the earth with gold, man should respect it and give back. Instead the author depicts that nature is stripped of her importance and sad therefore the dawn goes down to day meaning instead of the weather staying beautiful, like it does in the morning, it turns to the hot, muggy afternoon. On the last line the author says, â€Å"Nothing gold can stay† (914), because mans inability to let go of greed is destroying our planet. The author also uses figurative language to reveal the poem’s meaning. In the beginning of the poem he personifies nature into a female so that the audience better understands natures pain and suffering due to humans greedy ways. Also, he uses imagery to paint the picture of the garden of Eden sinking to grief meaning that nature is in duress and even the first garden known to man is on the verge of destruction unless we change our ways. Lastly the author uses a metaphor comparing green to gold by saying â€Å"Natures first green is gold† (914), explaining that green is the symbol of life and prosperity. For example money is green and when nature is described green typically comes to mind. But he says gold is the first green because all humans care about is gold and as a result they are giving it greater importance than nature, our source of life.

Ronald Reagan Essay -- essays research papers

Ronald Reagan had a very successful life. He was the 40th president of the United States (1981-1989). He was an actor for 30 years before he became involved with politics and starred in more than 50 movies. Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reagan was raised by his traveling shoe salesman father John Reagan, and his mother Nelle. John was an alcoholic and was saved from the Great Depression by the Works Progress Administration. Reagan was strongly influenced by his mother, who taught him to read at an early age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After High School, Ronald Reagan won a Scholarship to Eureka College in Peoria, Illinois. He was very active at Eureka. He majored in economics, student body president, captain of the swimming team, and was on the football team. He became interested in acting, but after his graduation in 1932 the only job available that was related to show biz was a local radio sportscaster. In 1936 he took the job as a sportscaster for WHO radio station in Des Moines, Iowa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reagan moved to Hollywood in 1937 and began a 30-year acting career. Some of his noted movies were Knute Rockne-All American, King's Row, and Bedtime for Bozo. During his acting career, Reagan was elected as the president of the Screen Actors Guild six times. He married Jane Wyman, had two children, but divorced her eight years later. He married Nancy Davis in 1952 and they had two more children. As president of the union, he tried to remove communists from the movie industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reagan's first national political scene was when he did a speech supporting Republican presidential candidate Senator Barry Goldwater. Even though Goldwater lost the election, he brought in money and praise from fellow Republicans around the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reagan decided to run for Governor of California in 1966 and defeated Edmund G. Brown, Sr., by nearly one million votes. His two terms as governor were tough because six of the eight years he served the legislature was controlled by Democrats, him being a Republican. As governor, Reagan became known as a conservative politician who wanted to restrict government involvement in economy and society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ronald Reagan made a last-minute effort to get the 1968 Republican presidenti... ...ent to Muslim guerillas fighting the communist government of Afghanistan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1982, in an effort to strengthen the Lebanon government, he sent marines to Lebanon. In October 1983, 250 marines were killed when their Beirut headquarters was bombed. Reagan removed his troops. Those remaining were often captured by Muslim radicals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1987 Kuwait asked for Soviet and U.S. aid during the Iran-Iraq war in the Persian Gulf. The last two years of Reagan's presidency were marred by a political scandal, which badly damaged his reputation as an honest person and committed to principle. The scandal was that the U.S. had secretly sold weapons to Iran and had diverted the profits from the sale to help the contras. Reagan denied the allegations. There was also said to be a law saying that the U.S. couldn't aid the contras. This revealed to be true and Reagan lost his image.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, Ronald Reagan was definitely one of our nations greatest presidents ever. He helped us in so many ways. I think if the media weren't so republican biased then more people would realize how great President Reagan really was.

The 7 Key Differences Between Business-to-Business

The 7 Key Differences Between business-to-business and consumer marketing by Robert W. Bly When asked if he could write an effective direct mail package on a complex electronic control system, a well-known direct response copywriter replied, â€Å"No problem. It doesn’t matter what the product is. You are selling to people. And people are pretty much the same. † He’s wrong. Yes, there are similarities. But there are also differences in selling to business and professional buyers vs. the general public. In fact, here are six key factors that set business-to-business marketing apart from consumer marketing: . The business buyer wants to buy. Most consumer advertising offers people products they might enjoy but don’t really need. How many subscription promotions, for example, sell publications that the reader truly could not live without? If we subscribe, we do so for pleasure – not because the information offered is essential to our day-to-day activit y. But in business-to-business marketing, the situation is different. The business buyer wants to buy. Indeed, all business enterprises must routinely buy products and services that help them stay profitable, competitive, and successful.The proof of his is the existence of the purchasing agent, whose sole function is to purchase things. 2. The business buyer is sophisticated. Business-to-business copy talks to a sophisticated audience. Your typical reader has a high interest in – and understanding of – your product (or at least of the problem it solves). Importantly, the reader usually knows more about the product and its use than you do. It would be folly, for example, to believe that a few days spent reading about mainframe computers will educate you to the level of your target prospect – a systems analyst with six or seven years experience. This realization makes business-to-business writers somewhat more humble than their consumer counterparts. ) The sophist ication of the reader requires the business-to-business copywriter to do a tremendous amount of research and digging into the market, the product, and its application. The business audience does not respond well to slogans or oversimplification. 3. The business buyer will read a lot of copy. The business buyer is an information-seeker, constantly on the lookout for information and advice that can help the buyer do the job better, increase profits, or advance his career. Our prospects are turned off by colorful, advertising-type sales brochures,† says the marketing manager of a company selling complex ‘systems’ software products to large IBM data centers. â€Å"They are hungry for information and respond better to letters and bulletins that explain, in fairly technical terms, what our product is and how it solves a particular data-center problem. † Don’t be afraid to write long copy in mailers, ads, and fulfillment brochures. Prospects will read your message – if it is interesting, important, and relevant to their needs.And don’t hesitate to use informational pieces as response hooks for ads and mailers. The offer of a free booklet, report, or technical guide can still pull well – despite the glut of reading matter clogging the prospect’s in-basket. 4. A multistep buying process. In consumer direct response, copywriters’ fees are geared toward producing the â€Å"package† – an elaborate mailing that does the bulk of the selling job for a publication, insurance policy, or other mail order product. But in business-to-business direct marketing, the concept of package or control is virtually non-existent.Why? Because the purchase of most business products is a multistep buying process. A vice president of manufacturing doesn’t clip a coupon and order a $35,000 machine by mail. First he asks for a brochure. Then a sales meeting. Then a demonstration. Then a 30-day trial. Then a proposal or contract. Thus, it is not a single piece of copy that wins the contract award. Rather, it takes a series of letters, brochures, presentations, ads, and mailers – combined with the efforts of salespeople – to turn a cold lead into a paying customer. 5. Multiple buying influences.You don’t usually consult with a team of experts when you want to buy a fast-food hamburger, a soda, bottle of shampoo, or a pair of shoes, do you? In most consumer selling situations, the purchase decision is made by an individual. But a business purchase is usually a team effort, with many players involved. For this reason, a business purchase is rarely an â€Å"impulse† buy. Many people influence the decision – from the purchasing agent and company president, to technical professionals and end-users. Each of these audiences has different concerns and criteria by which they judge you.To be successful, your copy must address the needs of all parties involved wit h the decision. In many cases, this requires separate mailings to many different people within an organization. 6. Business products are more complex. Most business products – and their applications – are more complex than consumer products. (For example, clients I now serve include a commercial bank, a manufacturer of elevator control systems, a data processing training firm, a database marketing company, a mailing list broker, a general contractor, and a semiconductor manufacturer. Business-to-business copy cannot be superficial. Clarity is essential. You cannot sell by â€Å"fooling† the prospect or hiding the identity of your product. Half the battle is explaining, quickly and simply, what your product is, what it does, and why the reader should be interested in it. â€Å"In high-tech direct mail, the key is to educate the prospect,† say Mark Toner, who manages the advertising program for Amano, a manufacturer of computerized time-clock systems. †Å"With a product like ours, most customers don’t even know of its existence. In short, in business-to-business marketing, the rules are different. In the months to come, we’ll explore ways to increase response and profits in this exciting and challenging marketplace. Business buyers are looking for personal benefits by Robert W. Bly In a column titled â€Å"The 7 Key Differences Between Business-To-Business And Consumer Marketing,† I described the six key factors that set business-to-business marketing apart from consumer marketing. They are: The business buyer wants to buy. The business buyer is sophisticated.The business buyer is an information seeker who will read a lot of copy. Business-to-business marketing involves a multistep buying process. The buying decision is frequently made by a committee and not by an individual. Business products are generally more complex than consumer products. Recently, I have formulated a seventh principle which I would like t o add to the list The business buyer buys for his company’s benefit – and his own. There are two parts to this principle. Let’s take them one at a time. The Business Buyer Buys For His Company’s BenefitThe business buyer must acquire products and services that benefit his company. This means the product or service saves the company time or money, makes money, improves productivity, increases efficiency or solves problems. Let’s say, for example, that you sell a telecommunications network and your primary advantage over the competition is that your system reduces monthly operating expenses by 50 percent. If a prospect is spending $40,000 a month for your competitor’s network, you can replace it and provide his company with the same level of service for only $20,000 a month.The company benefits because it saves $240,000 a year in communications costs – more than $1 million in a five-year period. Yet, despite this tremendous benefit, you find that prospects are not buying. They seem interested, and you get a lot of inquiries. But few sales are closed. Why? Because in addition to buying for his company’s benefit, the prospect also buys for himself. The Business Buyer Buys For His Own Benefit The second part of principle #7 is that, while the buyer is looking to do right by his company, he has an equal (if not greater) concern for his own well-being and selfish interests.Although the idea of saving $240,000 a year with your telecommunications system is appealing to your prospect, his thought process is as follows: â€Å"Right now I have an AT&T system. Your system sounds good but I don’t know you or your company. If I switch and something goes wrong, I will be blamed. I may even get fired. My boss will say, ‘You shouldn’t have gambled on an unproven product from an unknown vendor – why didn’t you stick with good ole reliable AT&T? ’ He will say this even though he appr oved my decision. So to be safe, I will stick with my current system†¦ ven though it costs my company an extra $240,000 a year. After all, I’d rather see them spend an extra $240,000 a year than me lose my $60,000-a-year-job! † This play-it-safe mentality is only natural, and it affects buying decisions daily in corporations throughout the country. Data processing professionals are fond of saying, â€Å"Nobody ever got fired for buying IBM. † Buying IBM ensures the prospect that no one can criticize his decision, even if brand X is the better choice from a business and technical point of view.A corporate pension fund manager, writing in Money magazine, noted that no money manager ever got fired for losing money invested in a blue-chip stock. A different example, but the principle remains the same. The Business Buyer Is For Himself Concern for making the safe, acceptable decision is a primary motivation of business buyers, but it is not the only reason why bu siness buyers choose products, services and suppliers that are not necessarily the best business solution to their company’s problem. Avoiding stress or hardship is a big concern among prospects.For example, a consultant might offer a new system for increasing productivity, but it means more paperwork for the shipping department†¦ and especially for the head of the shipping department. If he has anything to say about it, and thinks no one will criticize him for it, the head of shipping will, in this case, work to sway the committee against engaging the consultant or using his system†¦ even though the current procedures are not efficient. The department head, already overworked, wants to avoid something he perceives as a hassle and a headache, despite its contribution to the greater good of the organization.Fear of the unknown is also a powerful motivator. A middle manager, for example, might vote against acquiring desktop publishing and putting a terminal on every m anager’s desk because he himself has computer phobia. Even though he recognizes the benefit such technology can bring to his department, he wants to avoid the pain of learning something he perceives to be difficult and frightening. Again, personal benefit outweighs corporate benefit in this situation. Fear of loss is another powerful motivator. An advertising manager in a company that has handled its advertising in-house for the past decade may esist his president’s suggestion that they retain an outside advertising agency to handle the company’s rapidly expanding marketing campaign. Even if he respects the ad agency and believes they will do a good job, the ad manager may campaign against them, fearing that bringing in outside experts will diminish his own status within the company. In these and many other instances, the business buyer is for himself first; and his company, second. To be successful, your copy must not only promise the benefits the prospect desi res for his company; it should also speak to the prospect’s personal agenda, as well.

Policies Related to Environmental Concerns Essay

While, indeed, there are several legal statutes that are heralded by both the international, national, and local levels of the public communities, especially the government, there remains much contention with regard to the true cost of ratifying it and adhering to its implementation. This is a dilemma that occurs to be of special truth to the developing countries who are not given the luxury of financial and technological resources to address the issues associated with the environment. Definitely, there are a lot of issues and related costs that are borne with every legal statute passed for the purpose of protecting the environment. From the implantation of it come the associated resources in terms of manpower and other needs. Over time, it has been the case that the cost of the environmental degradation that occurred, and is still occurring, becomes harder to quantify in financial terms. The costs are usually measured and derived from air and water quality as examples (Ahmed & Sanchez-Triana, 2008). However, it should be noted that it is not the financial quantification of this particular endeavor that matters but the present impact and the long-term goals that should be foreseen. First, it is seen that the adverse effects brought about by the inability of the environment to keep with the needs of the human population is already being felt by people. There are different groups that can be identified in terms of the socio-economic classes to which they belong and the degree to which they are disadvantaged because of certain characteristics. The benefits that could be derived from the simple laws that protect their basic needs such as the access to clean water vary from one group to another. Another consideration for this is that the impacts have led to a domino-effect where it has indirectly affected the entire society and should the provision of safety nets through legal policies are definitely an urgent need to solve several interlocking problems that have come in lieu of the environmental degradation. Second, the long-term effects brought about by the legal statutes would definitely help not only the generations in immediate succession of the present but would also last until a few more decades, if not centuries (Gillespie, 1997). Every little act of kindness done to the environment in the present contributes to its well-being and existence in the future. This is among the elements that link the past to the present and the present to the future. References Ahmed, K. & Sanchez-Triana, E. (2008). Strategic environmental assessment for policies: An instrument for good governance. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Gillespie, A. (1997). International environmental law, policy, and ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Government Securities Market of Kazakhstan

Government Securities Market of Kazakhstan Free Online Research Papers 1. The importance of the research The global practice shows, that the security markets are the effective mechanism of mobilization of financial resources and savings of the population, optimum redistribution of means in a national economy. However, today, the economy of Kazakhstan is facing the problem of having more money in circulation than it is required. Moreover, most of this money is not earning, but rather kept in people’s hands. This paper is aimed at analyzing one of the tools to solve this problem – government securities. It will consider the past and the present situation of the market for government securities. Also, it will consider the ways to improve and enlarge the market for further development of national economy as a whole. One of the important tools of the security market is government security. All over the world governments and their establishments are the largest borrowers of the capital. With the help of the markets of government securities, the state borrows temporarily free money resources from commercial banks, financial companies and population. The received money resources are used for non-inflationary financing of government and local budget deficits. Besides, the given sector of the security markets is especially important for a national economy as the tool of monetary policy, as a key parameter of a status of a financial system of the state, and also as a guide for the foreign investors. 2. Government Securities The types of government securities circulating since 2000 1. MEAKAM – government special bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan with 10 years of maturity 2. MEIKAM government treasury bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan indexed to inflation 3. MEKABM government currency treasury bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan indexed to inflation 4. MEKAM government treasury bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan with all types of maturity 5. MEKKAM government short-term treasury bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan with up to 1-year maturity included 6. MEOKAM government middle-term treasury bonds of Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan with from 1-year to 10-year maturities. 3. Development of GS in primary and secondary markets In 1994 creation of a home security market begun in Kazakhstan, which would be capable to carry out the above-stated functions considerably to reduce volumes of direct crediting by National Bank of the Ministry of Finance. The market of government securities was formed gradually. ? First, the volumes addressed on the security market were increased. It concerns both the primary, and the secondary government securities market. Figure # 1 On results of 2000, the volume of the issued government securities has made already 200099 million tenge, and volume of the trades in the secondary market 524360 million tenge. Whereas in 1994 the given parameters did not exceed 233, 7 million and 1, 7 million tenge, accordingly. ? Second, a variety of tools of borrowing grew. If right at the beginning of formation of government securities markets, state offered the three-monthly exchequer obligations and notes of National Bank only in tenge, by the end of 2000 the spectrum of financial tools considerably has extended. It is important to note occurrence in Kazakhstan in 1999 of a new category of government securities bonds of local executive bodies. The data is kindly provided by the State Statistics Agency ? Third, in process of development of the market of the state liabilities its infrastructure developed also: technical and legal. 4. The technical infrastructure. The basic components of the technical infrastructure, generated in Kazakhstan, of the security markets are a National commission of Republic of Kazakhstan on securities, Ministry of the finance acting by the emitter of government securities on behalf of government; national bank which is carrying out functions of the financial agent on service of release; CJSC Central deposits of securities, carrying out account of movement of the property rights on securities; the Kazakhstan stock exchange acting by the organizer of secondary tenders on republican securities and primary accommodation on the bonds of local bodies of authority, and also primary dealers. 5. The legal base The legal base of functioning of the security markets is submitted by a package of the documents regulating to all spectrum of the legal relations of the participants, order of accommodation of government securities, repayment, secondary tenders and realization of accounts. Among the basic normative acts it is possible to name the: Civil code of Republic of Kazakhstan, Law of Republic of Kazakhstan On the security markets , Law of Republic of Kazakhstan On state and guaranteed state borrowings and duty, Rules on the order of release, manipulation and repayment of various kinds of government securities, and also Rules of realization of operations REPO and opposite REPO and government securities of the Republic of Kazakhstan 6. Development of external borrowing of the Ministry of Finance Already it is possible to tell, that the home market of state securities is generated and corresponds to a modern level of development of national economy. Besides for today it is the most advanced and large part of all financial markets of Kazakhstan. Analyzing the market of the state liabilities, it is necessary to mention a question on development of external borrowings of the Ministry of the Finance, which is carried out with the help of emission of euro securities. The preferability of the euro-bonded loans is explained to that only in euro markets it is possible to attract long-term and rather cheap financial resources. The release of external borrowings on a market basis directly and indirectly reduces cost of the debt. Direct effect attraction of additional sources of financing of deficiency of the budget. Indirect effect decrease of profitability of all tools of the state debt and strengthening of a position of the Ministry of Finance at accommodation of new releases in a home market. At the same time, except for the economy of the internal savings, successful accommodation of the external loans gives a positive signal for direct and indirect portfolio of the investments. The question on development of the given direction of state borrowings has risen in 1996, as by then home market of government securities yet did not give an opportunity to attract means for longer terms. In total for years of independence Kazakhstan made four releases of sovereign euro-bonds, which have allowed to occupy the niche in the international capital market. Date of issue 20.12.1996 02.10.1997 18.10.1998 11.05.2000 Maturity date 20.12.1999 02.10.2002 18.10.2004 11.05.2007 Coupon rate 9.25 8.375 13.625 11.125 Number of pmt p.a. 2 2 2 2 Currency $ $ $ $ Initial spread 350 245 825 500 Total value $200 mln. $350 mln. $275 mln. $350 mln. Exchange listing Amsterdam Luxemburg Amsterdam Luxemburg Luxemburg Amsterdam Luxemburg Managers ABN AMRO Bank J.P. Morgan Deutsche Bank Deutsche Bank ABN AMRO J.P. Morgan The data is kindly provided by the State Statistics Agency In whole all four issues were appreciated by the experts as successful, despite of the negative corrective amendments, which have been brought in a situation by global financial crisis. Certainly creation for rather short time of the satisfactorily functioning market of government securities is plus for a national economy. Nevertheless given market has the contradiction, which should be eliminated by its further improvement. Firstly, this market concentrates the most part of all free market resources, distracting them thus from investment funds in real sector of economy. On this control will be kept to ensure that the issue of government securities remained in borders not undermining investment prospects. Secondly, the constant escalating of release of government bonds results in increase of the charges of the state on service of the debt, and as it breaks a parity of flows of financial resources between the state and enterprises. The contradiction of functioning of the market of government securities can be overcome by the further perfection of its segments of the financial market. 7. The basic direction of the further development of GS market. The basic directions of the further development of a home market of government securities in our point of view become: Decrease of profitability of government securities; Re-structuring of the internal debt for the benefit of more long-term borrowings; Expansion of a number of the holders of government securities; Development of sector of government securities of local bodies of management (municipal securities) The basic condition of development of the financial market is the decrease in profitability of government securities. And as high profitability conducts not only to increase of cost of service of the state debt but also raises a general price level on extra resources. Now many commercial banks consider the market of government securities as most reliable and sufficiently profitable object of an investment of free financial resources. For this reason in the arsenal they in most cases have 2 basic sources of the incomes contributions to tools of the market of government securities and commission for granting of services. All this considerably complicates a situation with investment in real sector of economy. It is necessary to note, that during development nevertheless it was possible considerably to lower the profitability of government securities, at the expense of activization in the market of pension funds, the given tendency will be possible to be kept. However, to reach an optimum level of profitability appropriate to real opportunities of economic system, for today yet it was not possible. One of the measures on reduction of cost of service of the state debt is its re-structuring for the benefit of more long-term borrowings. The Ministry of Finance takes steps on prolongation of terms of the loans. Nevertheless now as before in structure of the market of government securities short-term tools borrow the most part. Besides cost of service of the state debt needs to be reduced, having increased number of the investors wishing to participate in crediting the state. For today it is important to attract to the market the population and not the residents. As to the population that today, it practically does not participate in the market of government bonds. In Kazakhstan as before, the basic share of government primary dealers at their own expense purchase securities. Earlier, till April, 1999, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan the national savings bonds were issued and were intended for accommodation, including the physical persons, but in connection with transition to a mode of the freely floating exchange rate of tenge, now data valuable securities have appeared practically dead. Therefore, for attraction of the savings of the population it is necessary to use new liquid tools, which can be returned to the emitter at any time or on the expiration of the certain term of maturity. T hus, the important role is played by the price of the state bonds, which should be minimal. That is, accessible to the majority of the citizens. Besides attraction of the savings of the population considerably to increase opportunities of the investment mechanism, the participation of non-residents in the market of securities should be allowed. The first step in a direction of the decision of the given task already is made the decision on the admission of non-residents in a home market of government securities is accepted. Prospect of participation of the foreign investors in the market of government securities directly depends on skills to overcome the crisis of trust on the part of western investors who are still very badly familiar with conditions and features of domestic market, so that they would be involved in the large scales in the operations with tools, new to them. 9. Summary It is necessary to mention a question on prospects of borrowing in an international capital market. The prospects Kazakhstan euro bonded releases will be dependent on the state approach to regulation of the external loans and on the tendencies of development of the global markets after recent crisis. Relative profitability euro bonds in relation to internal government securities will be dependent on comparative dynamics of their profitability and on rates of a gain of foreign currencies. As a whole, the formation of the advanced and steady market of the state liabilities in the long term will be dependent on a general economic situation in the country. It is necessary to the state to create all conditions for development of stimulus to the savings to be accumulated and transform them into the investment. Reference: 1. Kazakhstan Stock Exchange, Annual Report 2001 2. Security Markets, Magazine, December 2001 3. State Statistics Agency, Report on movement of securities for 2001 4. Zh. N. Aytjanova, G. M. Adilova: â€Å"The Role of securities in Stock companies†, Study manual, 1997 5. Kazkhstan Sector Research, Kazakhstan Financial Markets, Government securities, May 1998. 6. Aljanova A. â€Å"Municipal bonds as alternative source of financing in capital markets†, 1998 7. Nurdin D. â€Å"Euro – obligations in Kazakhstan: Theory and Practice†, 1997 8. Berzon N.I., Bulkova E. A., Kojevnikov N. A., Chalenko A. V.: â€Å"Stock Exchange†, 1998 1. Introduction 2. The types of government securities 3. Development of GS in primary and secondary markets 4. The technical infrastructure 5. The legal base 6. Development of external borrowing of the Ministry of Finance 7. The basic direction of the further development of GS market 8. Summary Research Papers on Government Securities Market of KazakhstanDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalQuebec and CanadaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Abu Sayyaf Terrorist Group

The 11th of September will always be remembered in the history of the world. Not only because of the remarkable terrorist attack but because of the changes it has created in the world’s view of terrorism. Terrorism has long been related to bombing of public places or government buildings, kidnapping, and other acts of attacking innocent people. However, the notable 9/11 terrorist attack changed everything. It altered the meaning of terrorism in different contexts. The even also changed the world’s view of security. According to the US government, terrorism is â€Å"a means predominated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents† (About.com, 2008). Another accepted definition on terrorism is   câ€Å"the calculated use of violence or threats of violence to attain goals that are political, religious, or ideological in naturethrough intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear† (Chomsky and Otero, 2003, p.301). In all the definition constructed, it only denotes that terrorism is an act of killing while gravely threatening the innocent people. Around the world, there are various organized groups associated with carrying out terrorism. In the international community, the Al Qaeda is the well known terrorist that designed and executed the 9/11 terrorist attack. The Al Qaeda group was also declared as the notorious enemy of the world. However, aside from Al Qaeda, there are various organizations in different nations operating and employing acts that are causing strife to their government and to the people as well. The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) is one of the branded enemies of the international world (Leifer, 2001, p. 48). The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) is functioning in the Philippines and had been concluded to have link with the Al Qaeda terrorist group. Origin and objective of the Islamic Separatist Groups The geographic territory of the Philippines is composed mainly of three islands namely; Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao (Brunner, 1999, p.283). The main seat of the government of the Republic of the Philippines is situated in Luzon, particularly in its capital city Manila (Brunner, 1999, p.283). Majority of the Filipino people are Christians. Most Christians occupied Luzon and Visayas while most Muslims occupied the southern part of the country, Mindanao. The government of the Republic of the Philippines had been bothered by the Muslims group seeking for autonomy from the central government. The reason for autonomy was brought by the belief of the Muslims that the economic and humanitarian assistance afforded to them by the central government was not enough. In addition, they believed that the Muslims are given lesser priority in the political participation. For these reasons, Mindanao was never quieted from gun firings and cases of death because the government’s effort to pacify the place was not successful. War against the group and the government was prevalent in Mindanao until the 21st century. At present, Mindanao has been developed and more Christian people are living with Muslims. The group that instigated the separation of the Mindanao from the central government was the Moro national Liberation Front (MNLF) which was established and headed by Nur Misuari in 1971 (Liss). The fundamental objective of the group was the establishment of a separate Moro country. Such country would exist with a democratic form of government which is free and intolerable of being exploited and oppressed by outside force or influence. Minor objective includes the preservation of the culture of the Islamic and the indigenous people. The group was not as strong as expected because another group was formed out of MNLF. Due to internal misunderstanding, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) deviated from the group of Misuari (Liss). The MILF was headed by Hashim Salamat, an Islamic scholar (Liss). The objective of the MILF was to stress Islamic ideology in their effort to self- determination. However, the two groups employed arms in pursuing their causes that eventually led to several internal wars in Mindanao. The Creation of Abu Sayyaff (ASG) In 1990, another group separated from the MNLF which was named as Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) (Leifer, 2001, p.49). The ASG was founded by Abduragak Abubakar Janjalani with the aim of fighting the government is a more fundamentalist manner (Public Broadcasting Service, 2008). The group also demands that the seas of Sulu and Celebes be closed against foreign fishermen. In addition, the group objective is the inclusion of Islam in Philippine schools. According to record, Janjalani was trained as a mujahedin and previously studied in Libya and in Saudi Arabia (Public Broadcasting Service, 2008). In addition, he had been fighting against Soviet forces during their occupation in Afghanistan (Public Broadcasting Service, 2008). Notably, the name Abu Sayyaf is an Arabic word which means â€Å"Bearer of Sword† (Leifer, 2001, p.49). The group was able to survive through financial support from Mohammed Jamal Khalifa (Center on Foreign Relations, 2008). Khalifa is a businessman from Suadi Arabia and is the brother-in-law of Osama bin Laden. While the Abu Sayyaf was starting, the group was already recruiting Muslim members. Through Khalifa’s money, Islamic universities and charities were established (Center for Defense Information, 2008). The fundamental teachings were influenced by extremist’s doctrine. One of the known foundation of Khalifa and the Abu Sayyaf group is the International Islamic Relief Organization which is based in Zamboanga (Center for Defense Information, 2008). The underground trainings, guns, basic necessities were all supplied by Khalifa. Eventually the group grew bigger, recruiting even children and women who believed in the Abu Sayyaf’s ideology. Some of its members were a graduate from Mazar-e Sharif, a training ground in Afghanistan. When the group has accumulated strength, they began executing their plots which includes the assassination of the visiting Pope and blowing up airliners containing 12 US civilians (Center for Defense Information, 2008).

Japanese Americans in WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Japanese Americans in WWII - Essay Example No attempt was made to identify the potential threat to national security of an eighty year-old grandmother, a ten-year-old orphan, a pregnant mother, or an immigrant shopkeeper or gardener. All left behind their friends, homes, and possessions for an undeclared period of time and an indefinite future. At the beginning of World War II, millions of immigrants arriving in the United States from Japan, Italy, and Germany were officially classified as "enemy aliens." Following Japan's surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the US government was very worried about the possibility of espionage by Japanese Americans. Although many Japanese Americans were enlisted as soldiers in the US Armed Forces, some people gave in to fear and paranoia, and clung to the groundless suspicion that Japanese citizens would sabotage the US war effort. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the relocation of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast to inland concentration camps. The US War Relocation Authority was created to prevent the feared espionage. They built 10 internment camps in states such as Idaho and Arkansas. Japanese Americans living in Washington, Oregon and California were forced to leave their jobs, homes, and in some cases, their families, to move into the camps. Over 110,000 people, half of them children, were forcibly relocated against their will, even though they had committed no crime. Conditions in the camps were deplorable: armed guards patrolled the barbed-wire perimeter, medical care was inadequate, and entire families were forced to live in poorly constructed, one-room cells. The camps were closed when the war ended in 1945. It wasn't until the 1970s that... On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing the relocation of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast to inland concentration camps.The US War Relocation Authority was created to prevent the feared espionage. They built 10 internment camps in states such as Idaho and Arkansas. Japanese Americans living in Washington, Oregon and California were forced to leave their jobs, homes, and in some cases, their families, to move into the camps. Over 110,000 people, half of them children, were forcibly relocated against their will, even though they had committed no crime. Conditions in the camps were deplorable: armed guards patrolled the barbed-wire perimeter, medical care was inadequate, and entire families were forced to live in poorly constructed, one-room cells.The camps were closed when the war ended in 1945. It wasn't until the 1970s that details began to emerge about the atrocities committed by the US government against Japanese Am ericans. Of the thousands detained in the camps, 70,000 were US citizens.In 1980, Congress established the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. After examining the impact of the internment period on the Japanese American community, the commission concluded that the federal government was guilty of discrimination against its citizens.The US government formally admitted its mistake in 1988. Congress passed the Civil Liberties Act during the administration of President Ronald Reagan.